MCI vs. Dementia: What’s the Difference?

Memory changes are a common concern as we age, but not all cognitive changes mean dementia. Two terms that are often confused are Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and dementia. While they share some features, they represent different levels of cognitive change.

Mild Cognitive Impairment (aka MCI or Mild Neurocognitive Disorder) refers to measurable changes in thinking—such as memory, attention, or word-finding—that are greater than expected for age but do not significantly interfere with daily independence. Individuals with MCI may notice lapses or work harder to stay organized, yet they can still manage finances, medications, and daily activities on their own. MCI does not always progress to dementia.

Dementia (aka Major Neurocognitive Disorder), in contrast, involves cognitive impairment that significantly interferes with everyday functioning. Difficulties often require increasing support in daily life. Dementia is a clinical syndrome that can be caused by conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, vascular disease, or other neurological disorders.

A comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation plays a key role in distinguishing MCI from dementia. Through detailed cognitive testing and clinical history, neuropsychologists can:

• Determine the severity and pattern of cognitive deficits

• Assess functional impact

• Clarify possible causes

• Provide individualized recommendations and planning guidance

Early and accurate diagnosis helps patients and families understand what is happening, plan appropriately, and access the right supports at the right time.